World eBook Library - eBooks | Read eBooks online

A Sociology Exhibit

Organizing Relationships

The Physical Life of Woman: Advice to th... (by George Henry Napheys)
Towards the Great Peace (by Cram, Ralph Adams)
Whirligigs (by Henry, O.)
Civic Education : Sociological Foundatio... (by David Snedden)
Ancient Society : Or, Researches in the ... (by Morgan, Lewis Henry)
Applied Eugenics (by Roswell Hill Johnson)
Siouan Sociology: a Posthumous Paper Volume: 15th 1893-1894
The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarte... (by Mendheim, Barbara Anne)
Theories of society; foundations of mode... (by Parsons, Talcott)
The social principles of Jesus (by Rauschenbusch, Walter)
Essays in Sociological Theory (by Parsons, Talcott)
A Story of the Red Cross : Glimpses of F... (by Clara Barton)
The Structure of Social Action; A Study ... (by Parsons, Talcott)
Wanted, A Young Woman to Do Housework, B... (by Barker, Clara Helene)
Folkways (by Sumner, William Graham)

Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit

Many disciplines beyond Sociology, such as Mathematics and Psychology and Economics, are utilized in the Social Sciences. In our Collections under these and other topics, contain hundreds of titles by writers and theorists who have dedicated to their lives to the study of human society. Featured books in the following collections include Herbert Spencer, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Talcott Parsons and David Emile Durkheim.

Sociology of Past Power Structures

Throughout history, all sub-disciplines of Sociology, as well and religious and government groups have been studied and experimented with different methods of social organization of population. Sometimes, these attempts at social definitions and control have been tempered, but at other times, rigid – some men have use groups for their own gain. Ultimately, however, if social organization is to be implemented, it has to be understood.

From the beginning of time, both men and animals have used verbal and non-verbal cues and strategies to enforce hierarchy. With chimpanzees, it is the Alpha Male. With men: Domesday Books, mathematics and accounting, psychology and linguistics. The word “organization” is derived from the Greek word organon, which means "organ." Therefore, studies of how groups of people (with a common goal) structure themselves, is the study of mankind and its relationships as a collective.

The Domesday Book, created under the reign of William the Conqueror, has been studied to understand the role of documentation in asserting authority and also to facilitate taxation. According to Young Folks’ History of England, William the Conqueror was a Norman who conquered England. In 1086, he ordered the documentation of land, livestock and taxes under the administration of the previous rulers, to find out what would be transferred over to Norman rule. Whatever was recorded in the Domesday book could not be appealed. The data that William the Conqueror collected into the Domesday book revealed his tendency for control. In the book titled, William the Conqueror, it is said that “William would not set...over any part of his dominions before his time, and it was his policy to keep his children dependent on him. While he enriched his brothers, he did not give the smallest scrap of the spoils of England to his sons” (William the Conqueror, World Heritage Encyclopedia). Robert, his son, was angry about this and fought his father in a battle, but later asked for his pardon. Today, the Domesday Books is considered an artifact of sociological research. Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886 examines how this document changed the course of history in the United Kingdom (Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886, Edward P. Dove).

Debates in Defining Sociology

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet was a 19th-Century Belgian mathematician, statistician and sociologist who introduced statistical methods into the social sciences. He assigned variables to the complexity of social phenomena, in order to measure the statistical laws underlying crime, marriage or suicide rates. Other scientists thought his ideas were controversial because it contradicted freedom of choice (“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia).

The author of Adolphe Quetelet, A Statistician discusses Auguste Comte as another researcher of social physics and sociology, but that Quetelet invented the method of investigation for “social physics” (Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician, Frank Hamilton Hawkins). So Comte reinvented the term sociologie (sociology) to differentiate it from Quetelet’s collection of statistics (“Adolphe Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). Comte believed that there was an order of nature, not of man, which could be scientifically understood by unifying history, psychology and economics. Social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, or using a broader philosophy that methodologically orders scientific observations (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). In this book, Ward writes Comte’s use of the term “hierarchy” did not imply subordination. “There is genetic affiliation without subordination. The more complex and less exact sciences may be regarded as the children of the more simple and exact ones, but between parent and offspring there is no difference or rank.” Additionally, he wrote that Comte “laid the foundations for understanding the more complex sciences by acquainting himself with the simpler ones upon which the other sciences successively rest” (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). Other social scientists like Karl Marx also mixed scientific methods to measure social impacts of industrialization occurring in Europe, documented in his work Wage Labour and Capital ("Wage Labour and Capital," Karl Marx).

Studying Social Life

David Émile Durkheim was a 19th century French sociologist who believed that sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large, rather than being limited to the specific actions of individuals. Barbara Anne Mendheim however, applied sociology differently in The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. She writes that people gain knowledge of the social world by identifying typicality and finding language to order their social experience. For example, girls understand that being a girl means being personally relevant and intimate with other people. Boys understand being a boy through being powerful and competent in the world (The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom, Barbara Anne Mendheim). However, in Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes uses sociological methods to explore how women in Egyptian and Iranian society were given opportunity for education and in leadership. But in Roman culture, women’s roles were to birth children. Women’s positions in society are influenced by the dominant culture’s definition of their functions and role in society (Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes).

Sociology has also been used to study group relations. Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism discusses how entrepreneurs used religion to spread the system of capitalism. By tapping into religious belief systems, he proffered, people could work toward their profit making motive.

Works Cited

"August Compte." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

“David Émile Durkheim.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Domesday Book." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Dove, P. Edward. "Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886." London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1886.

Downes, Robert. Woman: Her Charm and Power. London: The Epworth Press, 1900.

Hawkins, Frank Hamilton. Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician. New York: Columbia University Press, 1877.

“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Marx, Karl. "Wage Labour and Capital." Neue Rheinische Zeitung, April 1849. Reproduced: World Public Library, 2002. Web.

Mendheim, Barbara Anne. The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. Diss. University of Florida, 1979.

“Norman People.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Sociology." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Ward, Lester Frank. Outlines of Sociology. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1921.

Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribner, 1930

“William the Conqueror.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Yonge, Charlotte Mary. Young Folks’ History of England. Boston: Estes and Lauriet, 1879.

Sociology Collections

"Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit" demonstrates how sociological methods have been used to study the configuration of power, through documentation, analysis of order, and social effects. Sociology brings together different methods of thinking, to understand the complexity of society more accurately, and why we should always be vigilant of power.

Learn more about how the discipline of sociology is used, in these collections:

Top 100 books on Sociology

The Physical Life of Woman: Advice to th... (by George Henry Napheys)
Towards the Great Peace (by Cram, Ralph Adams)
Whirligigs (by Henry, O.)
Civic Education : Sociological Foundatio... (by David Snedden)
Ancient Society : Or, Researches in the ... (by Morgan, Lewis Henry)
Applied Eugenics (by Roswell Hill Johnson)
Siouan Sociology: a Posthumous Paper Volume: 15th 1893-1894
The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarte... (by Mendheim, Barbara Anne)
Theories of society; foundations of mode... (by Parsons, Talcott)
The social principles of Jesus (by Rauschenbusch, Walter)
Essays in Sociological Theory (by Parsons, Talcott)
A Story of the Red Cross : Glimpses of F... (by Clara Barton)
The Structure of Social Action; A Study ... (by Parsons, Talcott)
Wanted, A Young Woman to Do Housework, B... (by Barker, Clara Helene)
Folkways (by Sumner, William Graham)

Top 100 books on Psychology

Behavior an Introduction to Comparative ... (by John B. Watson)
The Sexual Life of the Child (by Moll, Albert)
Practical Lessons in Psychology (by William Otterbein Krohn)
Primitive Psycho-Therapy and Quackery (by Lawrence, Robert Means)
Buddhist Psychology; An Inquiry into the... (by Davids, Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys)
The Varieties of Religious Experience (by James, William)
Essay on the Creative Imagination (by Ribot, Théodule)
Psychology from the Standpoint of a Beha... (by Watson, John B. (John Broadus))
Applied Psychology : A Series of Twelve ... (by Warren Hilton)
Crime and Punishment (by Dostoevsky, Fyodor)
Criminal Psychology (by Gross, Hans)
The Science of Human Nature; A Psycholog... (by Pyle, William Henry)
Malignant Self Love (by Vaknin, Sam)
Essays in Radical Empiricism (by James, William)
A Mind That Found Itself (by Beers, Clifford Whittingham)

Top 100 books on Economics

Walden Or, Life in the Woods (by Thoreau, Henry David)
Jungle, The (by Sinclair, Upton)
Looking Backward from 2000 to 1887 (by Bellamy, Edward)
A synopsis of the first three books of J... (by Mill, John Stuart)
The History of the Russian Revolution to... (by Trotsky, Leon)
Minorities Versus Majorities (by Goldman, Emma)
The Grapes of Wrath (by Steinbeck, John)
The People of the Abyss (by Jack London)
The Conquest of Bread (by Kropotkin, Petr Alekseevich, Kniaz)
The Morality of Capitalism
Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusio... (by Mackay, Charles)
In Praise of Poverty
On the Principles of Political Economy, ... (by David Ricardo)
Principles of Economics : Volume 1 (by Alfred Marshall)
Woman under Capitalism (by Tichenor, Henry Mulford)

Top 100 books on Government

Democracy in America I (by Tocqueville, Alexis de)
The Origin of the Family, Private Proper... (by Engels, Friedrich)
Chronological Tables of the Chinese Dyna... (by E. R. Lyman, Tso-Ting Wang, Theodore Wong)
Utopia (by More, Thomas)
The Principles of Natural and Politic La... (by Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques)
Plato redivivus : or, A dialogue concern... (by Neville, Henry)
Declaration of Independence of the Unite... (by United States, Founding Fathers of the)
Assize of Clarendon (by Henry, King, Ii)
Communist Manifesto (by Marx, Karl)
Leviathan (by Hobbes, Thomas)
Discourse on Inequality (by Rousseau, Jean Jacques)
Of the Law of Nature and Nations : Eight... (by Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr Von)
The Code of Hammurabi (by King, Leonard W.)
The Constitution of the United States (by United States. Constitution)
The Constitutional History of the United... (by Cocke, William Archer)

Top 100 books on Law

Oliver Twist (by Dickens, Charles)
Draft Mandates for Mesopotamia and Pales... (by League of Nations. Council)
Meditations (by Aurelius, Marcus)
Crime and Punishment (by Doestoevski, Feodor)
Federal Civil Rights Enforcement Effort;... Volume Year 1970 (by United States Commission On Civil Rights)
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of... (by Department of National Security)
The Critique of Practical Reason (by Kant, Immanuel)
Fulfilling the Letter and Spirit of the ... (by United States Commission On Civil Rights)
Report to Congress in Accordance with 35... (by United States Department of the Treasury)
On Liberty (by Mill, John Stuart)
The Law (by Bastiat, Frédéric)
The Magna Carta (by Hutchinson, Joshua)
A Law Dictionary : Adapted to the Consti... (by Bouvier, John)
Constitution and Laws of the Choctaw Nat... (by Choctaw Nation. Constitution.)
The Wealth of Nations (by Adam Smith)

Top 100 books on Politics

Gulliver's Travels (by Swift, Jonathan)
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonapar... (by Marx, Karl)
Discourse Upon the Origin and the Founda... (by Rousseau, Jean-Jacques)
Public opinion (by Lippmann, Walter)
The Declaration of Independence and Lett... (by Jefferson, Thomas)
Souls of Black Folk, The (by Du Bois, W.E.B.)
The Art of War (by Henri Jomini)
Anthem (by Rand, Ayn)
Twentieth Century Political Thought (by Roucek, Joseph. S)
Politics (by Aristotle)
The Iron Heel (by London, Jack)
Federalist Papers, The (by Hamilton, Alexander)
Utopia (by More, Thomas, Sir)
Les Misérables Volume: 1-2 (by Hugo, Victor, 1802-1885)
Communist Manifesto, The (by Marx, Karl)

Top 100 books on Anthropology

Anthropology and the Classics : Six Lect... (by Andrew Lang, Gilbert Murray, Sir John Linton Myres...)
Nayars of Malabar Volume Iii (by Fawcett, F.)
Early Civilization : An Introduction to ... (by Alexander A. Goldenweiser)
Sex and Repression in Savage Society (by Malinowski, Bronislaw)
The Journal of the Royal Anthropological... (by Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ire...)
The Dolmens of Ireland, Their Distributi... Volume 2 (by Borlase, William Copeland)
The Human Species (by Armand De Quatrefages De Bréau)
The Prehistoric World : Or, Vanished Rac... (by Allen, E. A.)
The American Beaver and His Works (by Lewis Henry Morgan)
Handbook of American Indian Languages (by Franz Boas)
The Golden Bough Volume Xii : A Study in... (by Frazer, Sir James George)
Systematic Theology : Index Volume index (by Hodge, Charles)
Ancient Art and Ritual (by Jane Ellen Harrison)
On the Functions of the Brain and of Eac... (by Gall, F. J., Franz Joséf)
The Living World : Containing Descriptio... Volume v 1 (by Arnold, Augustus C. L.)